Current literature indicates the close relationship between root resorptions and the role of clasts responsible for hard tissue destruction. The process is complex and involves mechanical factors and intense biological activity. Immunological interactions stimulate the recruitment and migration of clasts into a specific area, in order to destroy bone, cementum and dentin. Nevertheless, understanding the whole process will bring light to other questions concerning the role of the immunologic system in other parts of the human body. The aim of this review was to describe the development of the process, from mineralization to the destruction of hard tissues and the possible relationship between root resorption and cellular immune system.

Objective: Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries with incidence rate of 1.5-2 million; the most common form of leishmaniasis is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with 1.5 million new cases per year. Correct diagnosis and characterization of the particular parasite is important for evaluating prognosis and prescribing appropriate treatment. The current management of leishmaniasis is drug treatment of patients, to alleviate disease and vector control to reduce its transmission. Also, current treatments for visceral leishmaniasis are unsatisfactory because of their toxicity, resistance and high cost. The purpose of the present study was to review the application of nano drugs in treatment of leishmaniasis. Materials and Methods: it was used as source of research the following databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scielo, PubMed and the database of CAPES. Results: It has been proved nanosilver particles with highly small sizes, have a good penetration into the cutaneous lesions and a good efficacy on leishmaniasis.

Background: Concomitant infections with HBV, HCV, HIV and Malaria among VL patients are not uncommon, thus this study conducted to describe the prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV and Malaria co-infection with VL among patients admitted to Gedarif teaching hospital in Eastern Sudan. Methods: This was a retrospective, hospital-based study, carried out on data collected from the Medical records of confirmed VL patients at Gedarif Teaching Hospital between January 2013 and June 2014. Sera samples were tested for HBSAg, anti- HCV and HIV antibodies using enzyme-link immunosorbantassay (ELISA). Thick blood films were examined for malaria. Results: A total of 313 confirmed VL cases were enrolled in the study with mean age 31.4±(11.9) years. The majority of patients were male 237(75.7%). farmers 176 (56.2%) and rural residents 233(74.4%). Antibodies for HIV, HCV and HBV were detected in 14(4.4%), 5(1.6%) and 6(1.9%) cases respectively. Blood film positive for malaria was found in 29(9.1%). VL/HIV co-infection was noted in12 (3.8%) patients, VL/HBV co-infection was observed in 6(1.9%), VL/HCV co-infection was detected in four patients (1.3%), VL/ Malaria co-infection was accounted for 29(9.3%) and VL/HIV/HBV/HCV/ Malaria co-infection was identified in 6(1.9%). 27(8.5%) patients were died of whom 18(62, 1%) patients had VL/ Malaria co-infection and 2 (33.3%) patients had VL/HIV/HBV/HCV/ Malaria co-infection, 5(1.9%) patients had pure VL and 2(16.7%) had VL/HIV co- infection. Although there was no significant difference in age, Gender, residence, and occupation among different groups, there was a high proportion of deaths among VL/ Malaria co-infected cases 18(62.1%) vs. 5(1.9%) p=<.001. Conclusion: Concurrency of VL/HIV/HCV/HBV and Malaria is an existing entity in Eastern Sudan. Therefore, it is recommended to perform routine screening of VL infected patients for simultaneous infection with HIV, HBV, HCV and Malaria.